Hologram News_Nanotubes Project Holograms

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11.. Nanotubes Project Holograms
from:http://www.photonics.com/Article.aspx?AID=51950

CAMBRIDGE, England, Sept. 25, 2012 — Holograms can be generated by harnessing the conductive and light-scattering qualities of carbon nanotubes, a development that could lead to crisper projections with a larger field of view.

Many scientists believe that carbon nanotubes will be at the heart of future industry and human endeavor and will have an impact on solar cells, cancer treatments and optical imaging. One of the most astonishing features of nanotubes is that they are about 100 times stronger than steel at one-sixth the weight.

Researchers at Cambridge University’s Center of Molecular Materials for Photonics and Electronics (CMMPE) used these nanotubes as the smallest-ever scattering elements to create a static holographic projection of the word “Cambridge.”

“Smaller pixels allow the diffraction of light at larger angles — increasing the field of view. Essentially, the smaller the pixel, the higher the resolution of the hologram,” said Dr. Haider Butt of CMMPE, who conducted the work along with Yunuen Montelongo. “We used carbon nanotubes as diffractive elements — or pixels — to produce high resolution and wide field of view holograms.”

The multiwalled nanotubes used in this study are around 700 times thinner than a human hair and are grown vertically on a layer of silicon in an atomic chimney stack formation. The researchers calculated a placement pattern that expressed the name “Cambridge” using a variety of laser light colors, all of which were scattered from the nanoscale structures. The holograms that resulted are not only of highest resolution, but are also ultrasensitive to changes in material and incoming light, Butt said.

“A new class of highly sensitive holographic sensors can be developed that could sense distance, motion, tilt, temperature and density of biological materials,” he said. “What’s certain is that these results pave the way towards utilizing nanostructures to producing 3-D holograms with wide field of view and the very highest resolution.”

The scientists are now looking for a less expensive alternative to nanotubes, which are financially prohibitive. Among the candidates are zinc oxide nanowires. The team is also investigating movement in the projections. Currently, only static holograms can be rendered, but Butt and his colleagues will look at techniques such as combining these pixels with liquid crystals to create fluid displays — possibly leading to changeable pictures and even high-quality holographic video.

Hologram classifications

There are three important properties of a hologram which are defined in this section. A given hologram will have one or other of each of these three properties, e.g. we can have an amplitude modulated thin transmission hologram, or a phase modulated, volume reflection hologram. it is made up of virtual systems.

Rainbow hologram showing the change in colour in the vertical direction
In this method, parallax in the vertical plane is sacrificed to allow a bright well-defined single colour re-constructed image to be obtained using white light. The rainbow holography recording process uses a horizontal slit to eliminate vertical parallax in the output image. The viewer is then effectively viewing the holographic image through a narrow horizontal slit. Horizontal parallax information is preserved but movement in the vertical direction produces colour rather than different vertical perspectives.[40] Stereopsis and horizontal motion parallax, two relatively powerful cues to depth, are preserved.

The holograms found on credit cards are examples of rainbow holograms. These are technically transmission holograms mounted onto a reflective surface like a metalized polyethylene terephthalate substrate commonly known as PET.

Holograms are shooted by laser beam in different angles which figure out different colors - red, green, blue, yellow, etc, in difference viewing angles. C olors of the hologram will change, because when rainbow hologram is turned back and forth depending on the light source and viewing angle, the colors will run through the spectrum - the colors of the rainbow.

Different viewing depth of hologram comes from different position of the artwork film we locate when shooting master. Dot-matrix movement efffect comes from countinous hologram dots.

How does design show hologram color?

Holograms artwork design are basically an illusion; they are reflections of light that fool the eye into seeing a three-dimensional image. Therefore, it is impossible to give an accurate representation of a holographic image on a computer screen or paper printout. What you will receive via email or hardcopy is an artwork proof to look over to be sure that the graphics and layout are to your liking, free of typos, etc. The holographic master shooting process involves many detailed steps, so it is very important that all hologram artwork is approved before the project moves into the laser lab for holographic mastering.

How to make artwork for holographic sticker?

Holograms can be made from photos, flat art which is designed by Corel Draw, Illustrator, Photoshop or other software.Artwork file in Corel Draw or Illustrator format is best file for us to seperate overlay design into layers and colors. Adobe Photoshop file, JPG, GIF, is ok, if you cannot design by Corel Draw or Illustrator. The text in artwork file should be converted into curves, so we can open it without change font in it.

Design and sample photo:

A. 2D/3D, size 19mm*19mm, square, three layers, six color

It has three layers, foreground, background and floating layer. There're three color on foreground, two color in background and one color in floating layer. So it has six colors and three layers.

B. 2D/3D, size 20mm in dia, circle, two layers, two color

It has two layers, floating layer and background layer. There're one color on foregroundfloating layer and one color in background layer. So it has two colors and two layers.

C. 2D/3D, size 25mm in dia, circle, two layers, 4 color

It has two layers, foreground layer and background layer. There're two color on foreground layer and two color in background layer. So it has four colors and two layers.

D. 2D/3D, size 30mm*14mm, rectangle, two layers, four color

It has two layers, foreground layer and background layer. There're two color on foreground layer and two color in background layer. So it has 4 colors and two layers.

E. 2D/3D, size 25mm*25mm, square, threelayers, four color

It has three layers, foreground, background and floating layer. There're two color on foreground, one color in background and one color in floating layer. So it has four colors and three layers.

F. 2D/3D, size 20mm*20mm, square, two layers, four color

It has two layers, foreground layer and background layer. There're two color on foreground and two color in background layer. So it has four colors and two layers

G. 2D/3D, size 24mm*14mm, rectangle, three layers, three color

It has three layers, foreground, background and floating layer. There're one color on foreground, one color in background and one color in floating layer.

H. Dot-matrix & 2D/3D, size 30mm*15mm, rectangle, four flips

It has one layer. There're two 2D color on surface. dot-matrix effect lines make rotating light effect. Four flips of 'SECURITY' also make flips like a movie clips which shows each flip in different view angle.

I. Dot-matrix & 2D/3D, size 14mm in dia, circle, one layer

It has one layer. There're one color 2D text 'WARRANTY' and rotating dot-matrix effect on foreground

J. Dot-matrix & 2D/3D, size 20mm*20mm, square, three layers

It has three layers, foreground, background1 and background2. There're one color on foreground, background1 in second layer is image of pyramid and background2 in third layer is image of desert.

K. Dot-matrix & 2D/3D, size 30mm*30mm, sqaure, two layers

It has two layers. There're 2 color 2D image on foreground, 2 color 2D image in background and dot-matrix effect on foreground.

L. Dot-matrix, 15mm*15mm, square

It has one layer. All images are made by Dot-matrix. The text and star is Dot-matrix type, not 2D type. The rotating light effect like sun also is Dot-matrix effect.

M. 2D/3D & Dot-matrix, size 25mm*15mm, rectangle

It has one layer. There're 3 color 2D images and dot-matrix effect on foreground .

N. Dot-matrix & 2D/3D, size 15mm*25mm, rectangle, two layers

It has two layers. There're photo, text and rainbow effect on foreground and one color text in the background layer.

O. Dot-matrix & 2D/3D, size 25mm*15mm, rectangle

It has one layer. There're 2 color text and rainbow image and dot-matrix effect on foreground.

P. Dot-matrix & 2D/3D, size 20mm*40mm, rectangle, three layers

It has three layers. There're three color on foreground, two color in background deep and one color in floating layer. There's dot-matrix effect on foreground.

Q. 2D/3D, size 48mm*17mm, special shape

It has one layer. There're one color 2D text, one bottle image and dot-matrix effect on foreground.

R. 2D/3D, size 20mm in dia, circle, two layers

It has two layers. There're one color 2D text and image of shield on foreground and two color text in background.

E-beam hidden text and Mole hidden text:

2D/3D hologram artwork sample:

dot-matrix effect artwork sample: